Renewed violence — a kind that has never been fully extinguished in Colombia — marks the presidential campaign to choose Gustavo Petro’s successor. In many places, the first-round vote this Sunday will take place under crossfire. Nearly 10 years after the signing of the historic peace accord with the now-defunct FARC guerrilla organization, other armed actors threaten communities and the war still burns, albeit in a more fragmented phase. The humanitarian consequences of the armed conflict have reached “the most serious level of the last decade,” the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) warned this month. Amid that crisis, public security has become one of the main concerns.
That deterioration includes the killing of all kinds of social leaders. Anxiety is rising among the civilian population, which is suffering homicides, disappearances, threats, and forced recruitment in places such as Catatumbo and Arauca on the turbulent border with Venezuela; Cauca, along the Pacific corridor; Nariño and Putumayo, departments bordering Ecuador; and the forested department of Guaviare in the country’s south. Armed groups have also poisoned the presidential elections.
Left-wing Senator Iván Cepeda, Petro’s party colleague and the frontrunner in all polls, takes the stage flanked by bodyguards carrying heavy ballistic shields that never leave his side. His rival, far-right candidate Abelardo de la Espriella, who is fighting to reach the second round alongside Paloma Valencia, the candidate of the more traditional right, often speaks from behind bulletproof glass. All three have reported death threats. In a presidential race that was shaken early on by the assassination of opposition senator and pre-candidate Miguel Uribe Turbay — who died in August last year after a teenage hitman shot him in the head in broad daylight during a rally in Bogotá — violence looms large.
Petro has vigorously defended the claim that “there is no chaos of violence in this government,” arguing mainly that the homicide rate shows a small but sustained decline. But many other indicators show a tangible deterioration, such as extortion, child recruitment, and kidnapping figures. The next president, who will be sworn in on August 7, will inherit a country with more than 27,000 members of organized armed groups and at least 14 active zones of dispute among illegal actors, according to Public Forces estimates cited by the Ideas for Peace Foundation (FIP). Many new recruits are minors.
The map from the Electoral Observation Mission (MOE), another NGO, identifies violence-related risk factors in 339 of the country’s 1,100 municipalities, 126 of which are at extreme risk. Despite the welcome disarmament of the FARC, a disorderly archipelago of armed groups still operates, with more fractured structures in regions where all kinds of illegal economies exist, not just drug trafficking. The exit of the historic guerrilla group left a vacuum that, in the absence of a state response, has been filled by other armed actors more focused on controlling specific territories to exploit illegal economies than on threatening the state. “Colombia today has multiple local-level conflicts,” says Elizabeth Dickinson, deputy director for Latin America at the International Crisis Group. “The dynamics of the violence and the interests of the actors are local, not national.”
A four-year program of total peace — the ambitious but worn policy with which Petro sought to negotiate simultaneously with all groups — has produced few results. Talks with the ELN guerrilla, once the most advanced, remain deadlocked after a violent onslaught more than a year ago in Catatumbo that caused the forced displacement of more than 100,000 people. Even the staunchest supporters of negotiated exits from the conflict say Petro has failed to implement the 2016 agreement with sufficient determination.
The president who promised total peace has been overtaken by another cycle of Colombia’s endless war. To the old specter of political assassinations once thought to be overcome have been added a string of attacks and bombings. Last week, the vehicle of Senator Alexander López, a Petro and Cepeda ally, was shot at while he was returning from a campaign event in Cali to Popayán, the capital of Cauca, in what the president described as an attempted kidnapping by one of the multiple dissident groups. In mid-May, two campaign activists for De la Espriella were killed in the Meta department. In April, a dissident attack using a cylinder bomb on the Pan-American Highway left at least 19 civilians dead in Cauca, where Indigenous Senator Aida Quilcué — who was briefly kidnapped in February and later became Cepeda’s running mate — had previously been abducted. Cali, the country’s third-largest city, has been the target of several waves of attacks by dissidents led by Iván Mordisco, considered public enemy number one.
Cepeda, the Historic Pact candidate, does not rule out launching new peace talks — an idea widely resisted given the wear of the total peace strategy — and pledges full implementation of the 2016 agreement, arguing that security cannot be reduced solely to state coercion and therefore requires a strengthened preventive approach that tackles the lack of opportunities in peripheral regions. The far-right candidate, De la Espriella, calls for a hard line, strengthening the security forces and toughening the penal system; Valencia adds a call for greater institutional strength. “The narrative on the right is that the only option is to increase military force, but today the Public Forces are already operating with all their capabilities, at all times, and you cannot increase it further,” warns Dickinson of the International Crisis Group. “What can be done is to focus it more strategically.”
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